Life Insurance
In general, life insurance is a type of coverage that pays benefits upon a person's death or disability. In exchange for relatively small premiums paid in the present, the policy holder receives the assurance that a larger amount of money will be available in the future to help his or her beneficiaries pay debts and funeral expenses. Some forms of life insurance can also be used as a tax-deferred investment to provide funds during a person's lifetime for retirement or everyday living expenses.
A small business might provide life insurance to its workers as a tax-deductible employee benefit—like health insurance and retirement programs—in order to compete with larger companies in attracting and retaining qualified employees. In addition, there are a number of specialized life insurance plans that allow small business owners to reduce the impact of estate taxes on their heirs and protect their businesses against the loss of a key employee, partner, or stockholder. Group life insurance is generally inexpensive and is often packaged with health insurance for a small additional fee. Companies that provide life insurance for their employees can deduct the cost of the policies for tax purposes, except when the company itself is named as the beneficiary.
Life insurance is important for individuals as well, particularly those who—like many entrepreneurs—are not covered by a company's group plan. Experts recommend that every adult purchase a minimum amount of life insurance, at least enough to cover their debts and burial expenses so that these costs do not fall upon their family members. The insurance industry uses a standard of five times annual income in estimating how much coverage an individual should purchase.
The cost of life insurance policies depends upon the type of policy, the age and gender of the applicant, and the presence or absence of dangerous life-style habits. Insurance company actuaries use these statistics to determine an individual's mortality rate, or estimated number of years that person can be expected to live. Policies for women usually cost less than those for men, because women tend to live longer on average. This means that the insurance company will receive premiums and earn interest on them longer before it has to make a payment. Experts recommend that companies or individuals seeking life insurance coverage choose an insurance agent with a rating of A or better, and compare the costs of various options before settling on a policy.
Types of Life Insurance Policies
TERM INSURANCE
Your term life insurance would offer you protection for a pre-set term of one year or more. Traditionally sold as terms of 5, 10 or 20 years, your monthly premium will remain level throughout the life of your term policy. You will only be eligible for benefits during that term of years. Some term life policies are renewable for an additional term or more, but your premium will be higher each time you renew.
It’s important to remember that even though a term life policy will provide the largest cash benefit for your premium dollar, unlike whole life plans, term policies do not have cash value accounts.
Fortunately, there are term life policies available that can be converted (rolled over) into whole life policies. That means that you’d be able to trade-in your term life policy for a whole life or endowment insurance policy before a pre-set conversion period expired.
Term life insurance is the simplest and least expensive type, as it pays benefits only upon the policy holder's death. With annual renewable term insurance, the policy holder pays a low premium at first, which increases annually as he or she gets older. With level term insurance, the premium amount is set for a certain number of years, then increases at the end of each time period. Experts recommend that people who select term insurance make sure that their policies are convertible, so they can switch to a cash-value plan later if needed. They also should purchase a guaranteed renewable policy, so that their coverage cannot be terminated if they have health problems. Term insurance typically works best for younger people with children and limited funds that are not covered through an employer. This type of policy enables such a person's heirs to cover mortgage and college costs, estate taxes, and funeral expenses upon his or her death.
WHOLE LIFE INSURANCE
Your whole life policy would offer you benefits for life. You’d pay the same monthly premium for as long as you lived. Your premium will be larger than it would be for a similar amount of term life protection, but it will be lower than the premium of a renewed term life plan.
In general, your whole life policy will combine the framework of a term life policy and an investment component. First, there will be a mortality charge, meaning your actual insurance coverage. Second, there will be a reserve; your reserve is an investment component that will earn interest over time.
With whole life insurance, the policy holder pays a level premium on an annual basis. The policy usually covers until the end of the person's life—age 90 or 100. In most cases, the policy holder is overcharged for the premium, and the extra amount goes into an interest-bearing dividend account known as a cash value account. The individual can use the money in this account to pay future premiums, or can withdraw it or borrow against it to cover living expenses. When choosing a whole life policy, experts note, it is important to analyze the company's past performance and inquire about commissions and hidden costs. Although whole life insurance can provide added security upon retirement, it should not be considered a replacement for retirement savings.
Loans and withdrawals from a permanent life insurance policy, along with any accrued loan interest, will reduce the policy's death benefit. A policy loan could result in tax consequences if the policy lapses or is surrendered while a loan is outstanding.
UNIVERSAL LIFE INSURANCE
Your universal life policy would offer you a variation of the standard whole life policy. There will be an insurance part of your policy that is separate from an investment portion. The investment portion of your universal life policy will be invested in money market accounts and your policy’s cash value portion will be set up into an accumulation fund.
Unlike whole life, the cash value of your universal life policy will grow at a variable rate. Ordinarily, there will be a minimum guaranteed interest rate applied to the policy. It won’t matter if your insurance company’s investments go badly, you’ll be guaranteed a minimum return on your policy. If, on the other hand, your insurance company makes good investments, you’ll benefit from an increased return on your policy’s cash value portion.
Universal life insurance was introduced in the 1980s as a higher-interest alternative to whole life insurance. Universal life premiums are based not only on the cost of the insurance, but also on the interest rate offered on investments. Still, they are usually less expensive than whole life policies. Universal life policies provide individuals with a wider array of investment choices and higher projected interest rates. They are essentially similar to a term policy with a fixed rate of interest guaranteed for a year at a time. As with all life insurance policies, guarantees are subject to the claims-paying ability of the issuing insurer.
CASH VALUE LIFE
You may have heard this kind of life policy called permanent insurance. It’s designed to provide you with protection for life. Cash value life insurance offers you an assortment of options. Your premiums will be flexible in certain cases and fixed in others. Your benefit may remain level, or it may increase. Your cash value policy will accumulate value over time. In most cases, the premium of your cash value policy will be higher than those of a term life policy.
CURRENT ASSUMPTION LIFE INSURANCE
Current assumption life insurance features a fixed annual premium for the duration of the policy. This type of policy pays a set interest rate on premiums received, less the actual cost of the insurance. They can be useful as a tax-deferred investment vehicle, since they usually pay 2 to 4 percent more than banks. Policy holders may elect to overpay their premiums early in the policy period to accumulate cash value. They can withdraw or borrow from the funds later for any purpose, including retirement income, or can use the cash value to pay the premiums for the remainder of the plan period. Loans and withdrawals from a permanent life insurance policy, along with any accured loan interest, will reduce the policy's death benefit. A policy loan could result in tax consequences if the policy lapses or is surrendered while a loan is outstanding.
RIDERS AND OPTIONS
Most types of life insurance policies give individuals the opportunity to add optional coverage, or riders. One popular option is accelerated benefits (also called living benefits), which pays up to 25 percent of the policy value to the holder prior to their death if they are struck by a serious illness. Another option, known as a waiver of premium allows an individual to continue coverage without paying premiums if he or she becomes disabled. Many policies also provide an accidental death and dismemberment option, which pays twice the amount of the policy if the insured dies or loses the use of limbs as a result of an accident.
KEY PERSON PROTECTION
Small businesses tend to depend on a few key people, some of whom are likely to be owners or partners, to keep operations running smoothly. Even though it is unpleasant to think about the possibility of a key employee becoming disabled or dying, it is important to prepare so that the business may survive and the tax implications may be minimized. In the case of a partnership, the business is formally dissolved when one partner dies. In the case of a corporation, the death of a major stockholder can throw the business into disarray. In the absence of a specific agreement, the person's estate or heirs may choose to vote the shares or sell them. This uncertainty could undermine the company's management, impair its credit, cause the flight of customers, and damage employee morale.
Life insurance can help small businesses protect themselves against the loss of a key person by providing a source of income to keep business running in his or her absence. Partnership insurance basically involves each partner acting as beneficiary of a life insurance policy taken on the other partner. In this way, the surviving partner is protected against a financial loss when the business ends. Similarly, corporate plans can ensure the continuity of the business under the same management, and possibly fund a repurchase of stock, if a major stockholder dies. Although life insurance is not tax deductible when the business is named as beneficiary, the business may deduct premium costs if a partner or owner is the beneficiary.